Question 23 of 37 · Bhakti & Sufi Movements
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Lal Ded (Lalleshwari), a woman saint of the 14th century, was a mystic poet of:

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Answer: Option C — Kashmir

Detailed Solution

Lal Ded (also known as Lalleshwari, Lalla, or Lal Arifa) was a 14th-century woman mystic poet of Kashmir.

About Lal Ded:

  • She was born around 1320 near Srinagar, in a Kashmiri Pandit (Brahmana) family.
  • She was married at a young age, but suffered harsh treatment from her husband's family, especially her mother-in-law.
  • She left her home and became a wandering ascetic, devoted to Shiva.
  • She was a follower of Kashmir Shaivism, and became a disciple of a Shaiva teacher known as Sed Bayu.
  • She lived a simple life, wandering from place to place and singing her verses.

Her poetry:

  • She composed short mystical verses called "vakhs" (vaakh), in the Kashmiri language.
  • She is regarded as one of the founders of Kashmiri literature; her vakhs are among the earliest compositions in the Kashmiri language.
  • Her verses express devotion to the formless Shiva, the search for the divine within oneself, and criticism of empty rituals and caste distinctions.
  • Her vakhs are still widely recited in Kashmir, by both Hindus and Muslims.

Her influence:

  • She is respected by both Hindus and Muslims.
  • She is believed to have influenced the Sufi saint Sheikh Nuruddin Noorani (Nund Rishi), the founder of the Rishi order of Kashmir, who is said to have regarded her as a spiritual mother.
  • She is a symbol of Kashmir's tradition of religious harmony ("Kashmiriyat").

Women saints of the Bhakti movement:

  • Karaikkal Ammaiyar (Tamil Nadu): a woman Nayanar.
  • Akka Mahadevi (Karnataka): a Virashaiva saint.
  • Janabai and Muktabai (Maharashtra).
  • Mirabai (Rajasthan): a devotee of Krishna.

Why not the other options?

  • ✗Maharashtra, Karnataka and Bengal had other women saints.

Quick tip

Remember: Lal Ded (Lalleshwari) = 14th-century Kashmiri mystic poet (vakhs; Kashmir Shaivism); influenced Nund Rishi (Rishi order); founder of Kashmiri literature.

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Bhakti & Sufi Movements — Preparation

This question tests your understanding of Bhakti & Sufi Movements, a key topic in the General Knowledge section. The detailed solution above uses a step-by-step approach to show the reasoning, and where available, a shortcut that helps you solve similar questions in under 90 seconds during the actual exam.

The Bhakti and Sufi movements emphasised personal devotion to God over ritual and caste. This topic covers Bhakti saints such as Ramanuja, Kabir, Guru Nanak, Mirabai, Tulsidas, Surdas, Chaitanya, Namdev and Tukaram, and the Sufi orders (silsilas) such as the Chishti and Suhrawardi orders and their saints. Questions usually link a saint to their region, language, teacher or ideas, or ask which Sufi order a saint belonged to. For example, Moinuddin Chishti brought the Chishti order to Ajmer, and Kabir was a disciple of Ramananda. A table of saint, region and key teaching makes these questions easy. Practise the Bhakti and Sufi movements questions below, written in the style of the general awareness sections of exams such as SSC, banking, railways, CUET GAT, MAH CET and CLAT. Each question comes with a detailed explanation that adds related facts, so every question helps you revise more than one point.