According to Buddhist philosophy, the principle of 'cause and effect', that everything arises in dependence on conditions, is known as:

"Pratityasamutpada" (Pali: "Paticcasamuppada") is the Buddhist doctrine of dependent origination, which says that everything arises in dependence on causes and conditions.

About Pratityasamutpada:

• It means "arising in dependence" or "dependent co-arising".
• It teaches that nothing exists independently or permanently; everything comes into being because of certain conditions, and ceases when those conditions cease.

A simple statement of it is: "When this exists, that comes to be; with the arising of this, that arises. When this does not exist, that does not come to be; with the cessation of this, that ceases."

It explains the cause of suffering and the way to end it, and is closely linked with the Four Noble Truths.

The Buddha is said to have understood this principle on the night of his enlightenment.

The twelve links (nidanas):

• It is often explained as a chain of twelve links that keep beings in the cycle of birth and death (samsara):
• Ignorance, mental formations, consciousness, name-and-form, the six senses, contact, feeling, craving, clinging, becoming, birth, and old age and death.
• Breaking the chain, especially by removing ignorance and craving, leads to liberation (nirvana).
• The "Wheel of Life" (Bhavachakra) in Tibetan art shows these twelve links.

Other important Buddhist concepts:

• "Anatta" (non-self): there is no permanent, unchanging self or soul.
• "Anicca" (impermanence): everything is constantly changing.
• "Dukkha" (suffering): life involves suffering and dissatisfaction.
• These three are called the "three marks of existence".
• "Kshanikavada": the theory of momentariness, that everything lasts only for a moment.
• "Shunyata" (emptiness): developed especially in Mahayana philosophy; all things lack an independent essence.
• "Karma" and rebirth: actions have consequences that shape future lives.

Why not the other options?

• ✗Anatta is the doctrine of non-self.
• ✗Kshanikavada is the doctrine of momentariness.
• ✗Shunyata is the doctrine of emptiness.