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Question 28 of 38 · Centre-State Relations & Emergency Provisions
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SSC

The first National Emergency under Article 352 remained in force from:

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Answer: Option A — 1962 to 1968

Detailed Solution

The first National Emergency under Article 352 was proclaimed on 26 October 1962, during the Chinese aggression, and it remained in force until 10 January 1968.

Ground for the first emergency:

  • It was proclaimed on the ground of "external aggression", when China attacked India across the north-eastern and northern borders.
  • The war with Pakistan in 1965 took place while this emergency was still in force.

Later National Emergencies:

  • In December 1971, a second emergency was proclaimed on the ground of external aggression during the war with Pakistan over Bangladesh.
  • In June 1975, while the second emergency was still in force, a third emergency was proclaimed on the ground of "internal disturbance".
  • Both these emergencies were revoked in March 1977.

Effects of a National Emergency:

  • The Centre can give directions to the states on any matter.
  • Parliament can make laws on subjects in the State List.
  • The President can modify the distribution of revenues between the Centre and the states.
  • The terms of the Lok Sabha and the state assemblies can be extended.
  • Fundamental Rights under Article 19 are suspended automatically when the emergency is declared on the ground of war or external aggression.
  • The President can suspend the right to move courts for enforcement of other Fundamental Rights, except Articles 20 and 21.

Safeguards added by the 44th Amendment:

  • "Internal disturbance" was replaced by "armed rebellion".
  • The President can proclaim an emergency only on the written advice of the Cabinet.
  • The proclamation must be approved by both Houses within one month, by a special majority.
  • It continues for six months at a time and must be renewed by Parliament.
  • The Lok Sabha can pass a resolution to revoke it by a simple majority.

Why the first emergency lasted long:

The government kept the emergency in force after the 1962 war and through the 1965 war because of continuing security concerns.

Why not the other options?

  • ✗1965 to 1969 does not match any emergency.
  • ✗1971 to 1977 was the second emergency.
  • ✗1975 to 1977 was the third emergency.

Quick tip

Remember: National Emergencies: 1962 to 1968 (China), 1971 to 1977 (Pakistan), 1975 to 1977 (internal).

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Centre-State Relations & Emergency Provisions — Preparation

This question tests your understanding of Centre-State Relations & Emergency Provisions, a key topic in the General Knowledge section. The detailed solution above uses a step-by-step approach to show the reasoning, and where available, a shortcut that helps you solve similar questions in under 90 seconds during the actual exam.

This topic covers the distribution of legislative, administrative and financial powers between the Centre and the states, the Union, State and Concurrent Lists, inter-state councils and zonal councils, and the three types of emergency: national emergency (Article 352), President's rule (Article 356) and financial emergency (Article 360). Exams ask which list a subject falls in, which commission examined Centre-state relations (the Sarkaria and Punchhi Commissions), and how often each type of emergency has been declared. Remember that a financial emergency has never been declared in India, and that 'armed rebellion' replaced 'internal disturbance' as a ground for national emergency through the 44th Amendment. Practise the Centre-state relations and emergency provisions questions below, written in the style of the general awareness sections of exams such as SSC, banking, railways, CUET GAT, MAH CET and CLAT. Each question comes with a detailed explanation that adds related facts, so every question helps you revise more than one point.

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