Railway
The Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, providing for the exchange of enclaves, was given effect by the:
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Answer: Option B — 100th Amendment Act, 2015
Detailed Solution
The 100th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2015, gave effect to the Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) between India and Bangladesh, which provided for the exchange of enclaves and the settlement of the land boundary between the two countries.
Background:
- After the partition of India in 1947, there were many enclaves along the India-East Pakistan (later Bangladesh) border: small pieces of Indian territory surrounded by Bangladeshi territory, and vice versa.
- The people living in these enclaves faced great hardship, because they had no access to the facilities of their own country, such as schools, hospitals and identity documents.
- The Land Boundary Agreement of 1974 between Indira Gandhi and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman provided for the exchange of enclaves, but it was not implemented because it needed a constitutional amendment.
- A Protocol to the agreement was signed in 2011.
What the 100th Amendment did:
- It amended the First Schedule, relating to the territories of Assam, West Bengal, Meghalaya and Tripura.
- It provided for the transfer of 111 Indian enclaves to Bangladesh and 51 Bangladeshi enclaves to India.
- The exchange took place on the midnight of 31 July 2015.
- The residents of the enclaves were given the choice of their nationality; most chose to stay where they were and became citizens of the country in which they lived.
Why a constitutional amendment was needed:
- In the Berubari Union case (1960), the Supreme Court held that the transfer of Indian territory to another country requires a constitutional amendment under Article 368, and cannot be done by an ordinary law.
- The 9th Amendment (1960) was passed to transfer part of Berubari to Pakistan, after this judgment.
Passage:
- The 100th Amendment was passed unanimously by both Houses of Parliament in May 2015, during the government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
- It ended a long-standing problem and improved relations between India and Bangladesh.
Why not the other options?
- ✗The 9th Amendment dealt with the transfer of Berubari; the 98th and 99th Amendments dealt with other matters.
Quick tip
Remember: 100th Amendment (2015) = India-Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement (exchange of 111 and 51 enclaves on 31 July 2015).
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Constitutional Amendments — Preparation
This question tests your understanding of Constitutional Amendments, a key topic in the General Knowledge section. The detailed solution above uses a step-by-step approach to show the reasoning, and where available, a shortcut that helps you solve similar questions in under 90 seconds during the actual exam.
This topic covers the procedure for amending the Constitution under Article 368 and the most important amendments, such as the 1st, 7th, 42nd, 44th, 52nd, 61st, 73rd, 74th, 86th, 101st and 103rd Amendments, along with the basic structure doctrine. Exams ask what a particular amendment did: the 61st lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, the 73rd and 74th gave constitutional status to panchayats and municipalities, the 86th made education a Fundamental Right, and the 101st introduced GST. The 42nd Amendment (1976) is often called the 'mini-Constitution' because of how much it changed. Practise the constitutional amendments questions below, written in the style of the general awareness sections of exams such as SSC, banking, railways, CUET GAT, MAH CET and CLAT. Each question comes with a detailed explanation that adds related facts, so every question helps you revise more than one point.