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Article 29(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which says that everyone has duties to the community, is similar to which feature of the Indian Constitution?
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Answer: Option A — Fundamental Duties
Detailed Solution
Article 29(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) states that everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible. This idea is similar to the Fundamental Duties in Article 51A of the Indian Constitution.
About the UDHR:
- The UDHR was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948 in Paris.
- That date is now observed every year as Human Rights Day.
- It lists civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights.
The idea of duties:
Rights and duties go together. A person can enjoy rights only in a community where others respect them.
The UDHR recognises that individuals also owe duties to society.
The Indian Fundamental Duties reflect the same idea by asking citizens to respect the Constitution, protect the environment, promote harmony and safeguard public property.
Other international and national examples:
- The constitution of the former USSR listed the duties of citizens, and this was the main source for India's Fundamental Duties.
- The constitutions of Japan and China also list duties of citizens.
- The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights has a full chapter on duties.
Indian Fundamental Duties:
- They were added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.
- They are listed in Article 51A in Part IVA.
- There are now eleven duties, the last added in 2002.
Similar UDHR links in India:
- Many Fundamental Rights in Part III resemble the civil and political rights of the UDHR.
- Many Directive Principles resemble its economic and social rights, such as the right to work and to education.
Why not the other options?
- ✗Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles resemble other articles of the UDHR, which list rights rather than duties.
- ✗The Preamble states the objectives of the Constitution.
Quick tip
Remember: UDHR Article 29(1) speaks of duties to the community, like India's Fundamental Duties in Article 51A.
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DPSP & Fundamental Duties — Preparation
This question tests your understanding of DPSP & Fundamental Duties, a key topic in the General Knowledge section. The detailed solution above uses a step-by-step approach to show the reasoning, and where available, a shortcut that helps you solve similar questions in under 90 seconds during the actual exam.
This topic covers the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV (Articles 36-51), borrowed from the Irish Constitution, and the Fundamental Duties in Part IV-A (Article 51A), added on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee by the 42nd Amendment in 1976. Questions often ask which article contains a directive (Article 44 on a uniform civil code, Article 40 on village panchayats, Article 45 on early childhood care), how DPSP differ from Fundamental Rights (they cannot be enforced in court), and how many Fundamental Duties there are now (eleven, after the 86th Amendment added the eleventh in 2002). Practise the DPSP and Fundamental Duties questions below, written in the style of the general awareness sections of exams such as SSC, banking, railways, CUET GAT, MAH CET and CLAT. Each question comes with a detailed explanation that adds related facts, so every question helps you revise more than one point.