'Shumang Leela', a traditional form of courtyard theatre, is associated with which state?

Shumang Leela is a traditional form of theatre of Manipur. The name comes from "shumang", meaning courtyard, and "leela", meaning play or performance, because it was traditionally performed in the open courtyards of homes or in open spaces, with the audience sitting on all four sides.

Shumang Leela is performed without a stage, curtains or elaborate sets, and it uses only simple props, such as a table and two chairs. The performers enter and leave through a passage in the audience. The plays combine acting, singing, dancing and humour, and they deal with social, political and moral issues, as well as stories from history, folklore and mythology. They are known for their satire, in which they comment on problems in society, such as corruption, drugs and social injustice, often in a humorous way.

A special feature of Shumang Leela is that the troupes are usually made up entirely of men, and all the female roles are played by men, who are known as "Nupi Shabi". There are also some troupes made up entirely of women, in which women play the male roles. Shumang Leela is believed to have developed from the court jester tradition of the Manipuri kings and from a form called Phagee Leela (comic plays). It became very popular in the 20th century, and today there are many professional troupes. The Government of Manipur organises an annual Shumang Leela festival. Some performers have received national honours, such as the Padma Shri.

Manipur also has a strong tradition of modern theatre, with famous directors such as Ratan Thiyam (Chorus Repertory Theatre) and Heisnam Kanhailal.

Why not the other options?

• ✗Assam is known for the Bhaona, the traditional theatre of the satras.
• ✗West Bengal is known for Jatra, the folk theatre performed in the open.
• ✗Kerala is known for Koodiyattam and Kathakali.