Permutations & Combinations Questions with Solutions

Permutations count arrangements where order matters, while combinations count selections where order does not matter. This topic covers the fundamental principle of counting, factorials, nPr and nCr, arrangements of letters in a word (including repeated letters), circular arrangements, and selecting committees or teams with conditions. The hardest part is deciding whether a question needs a permutation or a combination. Ask yourself whether swapping two chosen items gives a new outcome. If it does, order matters. Conditions such as "two people must sit together" are handled by treating them as a single unit, and "at least one" questions are usually easiest to solve as total minus none. Practise the permutation and combination questions below, each with a step-by-step solution showing how to set up the count.