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The Treaty of Purandar (1665) was signed between Shivaji and:
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Answer: Option C — Raja Jai Singh I
Detailed Solution
The Treaty of Purandar was signed on 11 June 1665 between Shivaji and Mirza Raja Jai Singh I of Amber, a Rajput general of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.
Background: Shivaji's growing power in the Deccan alarmed the Mughals. In 1663, Shivaji made a daring night attack on the Mughal governor Shaista Khan (Aurangzeb's maternal uncle) at Pune, injuring him. In 1664, Shivaji raided and plundered the rich Mughal port of Surat. Aurangzeb then sent Raja Jai Singh with a large army to subdue Shivaji. Jai Singh besieged the fort of Purandar, near Pune, and captured many forts, forcing Shivaji to negotiate.
Terms of the Treaty of Purandar:
- Shivaji surrendered 23 of his 35 forts to the Mughals, keeping 12.
- He agreed to serve the Mughals and help them in their campaign against Bijapur.
- His son Sambhaji was given a mansab (rank) of 5,000 in the Mughal service.
In 1666, Shivaji visited Aurangzeb's court at Agra, on Jai Singh's assurance of safety. He was offended at being treated as a lower-ranking noble and was placed under house arrest. He made a famous escape, reportedly hidden in baskets of sweets, and returned to the Deccan. By 1670, he had recovered most of his forts, and he sacked Surat a second time. In 1674, he was crowned "Chhatrapati" at Raigad.
Other events in Shivaji's career:
- 1659: He killed Afzal Khan, the general of Bijapur, at Pratapgad, using "wagh nakh" (tiger claws).
- 1645-46: He captured Torna fort, considered the first fort of the Maratha kingdom.
- 1677-78: He led a southern campaign to Jinji and Vellore.
He died at Raigad in 1680. His son Sambhaji succeeded him and was executed by Aurangzeb in 1689.
Later Maratha treaties include the Treaty of Salbai (1782), ending the First Anglo-Maratha War, and the Treaty of Bassein (1802), a subsidiary alliance between Peshwa Baji Rao II and the British.
Why not the other options?
- ✗Shaista Khan was attacked by Shivaji in Pune in 1663.
- ✗Afzal Khan was killed by Shivaji at Pratapgad in 1659.
- ✗Aurangzeb did not sign the treaty personally; his general Jai Singh did.
Quick tip
Remember: Treaty of Purandar (1665) = Shivaji and Jai Singh I (23 forts surrendered); Afzal Khan killed 1659 (Pratapgad); Shaista Khan attacked 1663; escape from Agra 1666; coronation 1674.
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Sikh Gurus & Maratha Empire — Preparation
This question tests your understanding of Sikh Gurus & Maratha Empire, a key topic in the General Knowledge section. The detailed solution above uses a step-by-step approach to show the reasoning, and where available, a shortcut that helps you solve similar questions in under 90 seconds during the actual exam.
This topic covers the ten Sikh Gurus, from Guru Nanak Dev to Guru Gobind Singh, and their contributions, the rise of the Sikh state under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, and the Maratha Empire from Shivaji to the Peshwas, including Maratha administration and the Anglo-Maratha wars. Questions often ask which Guru compiled the Adi Granth (Guru Arjan Dev), founded the Khalsa (Guru Gobind Singh, 1699) or introduced the Gurmukhi script (Guru Angad Dev). On the Marathas, expect questions on Shivaji's Ashtapradhan council, his coronation at Raigad in 1674, the Peshwas, and the Third Battle of Panipat (1761). Practise the Sikh Gurus and Maratha Empire questions below, written in the style of the general awareness sections of exams such as SSC, banking, railways, CUET GAT, MAH CET and CLAT. Each question comes with a detailed explanation that adds related facts, so every question helps you revise more than one point.