Railway
Article 360 of the Constitution of India relates to:
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)View answer ▾Hide ▴
Answer: Option C — Financial Emergency
Detailed Solution
Article 360 empowers the President to proclaim a Financial Emergency if he or she is satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of India, or of any part of its territory, is threatened.
Approval by Parliament:
- A proclamation of Financial Emergency must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within two months from the date of its issue.
- It is approved by a simple majority in each House.
- Once approved, it continues indefinitely until it is revoked; there is no maximum period and no need for repeated approval.
- It can be revoked by the President at any time by a subsequent proclamation, without the need for parliamentary approval.
Effects of a Financial Emergency:
- The executive authority of the Union extends to giving directions to any state to observe such canons of financial propriety as may be specified.
- The President can direct the states to reduce the salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons serving in the state.
- The President can direct that all money bills and other financial bills passed by the state legislature be reserved for his or her consideration.
- The President can issue directions for the reduction of the salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons serving the Union, including the judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts.
- Has it ever been used?
- No Financial Emergency has been declared in India so far, though there was a severe financial crisis in 1991.
Other emergencies in the Constitution:
- National Emergency (on the ground of war, external aggression or armed rebellion).
- President's Rule (failure of constitutional machinery in a state).
- The emergency provisions are contained in Part XVIII of the Constitution.
Judicial review:
The President's satisfaction in declaring a Financial Emergency was once made final and beyond judicial review, but this was later removed by the 44th Amendment.
Why not the other options?
- ✗The National Emergency and President's Rule are dealt with by other Articles; the Inter-State Council is not an emergency provision.
Quick tip
Remember: Article 360 = Financial Emergency (approved within two months by simple majority; continues until revoked; never declared so far).
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Centre-State Relations & Emergency Provisions — Preparation
This question tests your understanding of Centre-State Relations & Emergency Provisions, a key topic in the General Knowledge section. The detailed solution above uses a step-by-step approach to show the reasoning, and where available, a shortcut that helps you solve similar questions in under 90 seconds during the actual exam.
This topic covers the distribution of legislative, administrative and financial powers between the Centre and the states, the Union, State and Concurrent Lists, inter-state councils and zonal councils, and the three types of emergency: national emergency (Article 352), President's rule (Article 356) and financial emergency (Article 360). Exams ask which list a subject falls in, which commission examined Centre-state relations (the Sarkaria and Punchhi Commissions), and how often each type of emergency has been declared. Remember that a financial emergency has never been declared in India, and that 'armed rebellion' replaced 'internal disturbance' as a ground for national emergency through the 44th Amendment. Practise the Centre-state relations and emergency provisions questions below, written in the style of the general awareness sections of exams such as SSC, banking, railways, CUET GAT, MAH CET and CLAT. Each question comes with a detailed explanation that adds related facts, so every question helps you revise more than one point.