SSC
'Industrial and labour disputes', 'forests' and 'economic and social planning' are subjects included in the:
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)View answer ▾Hide ▴
Answer: Option B — Concurrent List
Detailed Solution
Industrial and labour disputes, forests, and economic and social planning are subjects in the Concurrent List of the Seventh Schedule, on which both Parliament and the State Legislatures can make laws.
The Concurrent List:
- It contains subjects of common interest to the Union and the States, on which uniform laws are desirable but local variations may also be needed.
- Both Parliament and the State Legislatures can make laws on these subjects.
In case of a conflict between a central law and a state law on a Concurrent List subject, the central law generally prevails; but a state law reserved for the President's consideration and assented to by him or her can prevail in that state.
Examples of Concurrent List subjects:
- Criminal law and criminal procedure.
- Marriage and divorce, adoption, wills and succession.
- Transfer of property other than agricultural land, contracts and bankruptcy.
- Trade unions, industrial and labour disputes, and social security.
- Economic and social planning.
- Education, forests, the protection of wild animals and birds, weights and measures, and population control and family planning.
Subjects added by the 42nd Amendment (1976):
Five subjects were transferred from the State List to the Concurrent List: education, forests, weights and measures, the protection of wild animals and birds, and the administration of justice (constitution and organisation of all courts except the Supreme Court and the High Courts).
This was done to give the Centre a greater role in these important areas.
Origin of the Concurrent List:
- The idea of a Concurrent List was taken from the Constitution of Australia.
- The Government of India Act, 1935, also had a Concurrent List.
Number of subjects:
The Concurrent List originally had 47 subjects; it now has 52.
Importance:
The Concurrent List provides flexibility, allowing the Centre to set national standards while the states adapt laws to local conditions.
Why not the other options?
- ✗These subjects are not in the Union List or the State List, and they are not residuary subjects.
Quick tip
Remember: Concurrent List includes industrial and labour disputes, forests, economic and social planning, education, criminal law, marriage (forests and education moved there by the 42nd Amendment).
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Centre-State Relations & Emergency Provisions — Preparation
This question tests your understanding of Centre-State Relations & Emergency Provisions, a key topic in the General Knowledge section. The detailed solution above uses a step-by-step approach to show the reasoning, and where available, a shortcut that helps you solve similar questions in under 90 seconds during the actual exam.
This topic covers the distribution of legislative, administrative and financial powers between the Centre and the states, the Union, State and Concurrent Lists, inter-state councils and zonal councils, and the three types of emergency: national emergency (Article 352), President's rule (Article 356) and financial emergency (Article 360). Exams ask which list a subject falls in, which commission examined Centre-state relations (the Sarkaria and Punchhi Commissions), and how often each type of emergency has been declared. Remember that a financial emergency has never been declared in India, and that 'armed rebellion' replaced 'internal disturbance' as a ground for national emergency through the 44th Amendment. Practise the Centre-state relations and emergency provisions questions below, written in the style of the general awareness sections of exams such as SSC, banking, railways, CUET GAT, MAH CET and CLAT. Each question comes with a detailed explanation that adds related facts, so every question helps you revise more than one point.