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Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 15 is related to:
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Answer: Option B — Life on land
Detailed Solution
SDG 15 aims to "protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss".
About SDG 15:
It deals with ecosystems on land: forests, mountains, wetlands, drylands and their biodiversity.
Its targets include:
- Conserving and restoring land and freshwater ecosystems.
- Promoting sustainable management of all types of forests, halting deforestation and increasing afforestation.
- Combating desertification and restoring degraded land and soil, aiming for a "land degradation-neutral world".
- Conserving mountain ecosystems.
- Taking urgent action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and prevent the extinction of threatened species.
- Ending poaching and trafficking of protected species.
- Preventing the introduction of invasive alien species.
- Ensuring fair and equitable sharing of the benefits of genetic resources.
Global agreements linked to SDG 15:
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (1992).
UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD, 1994). India hosted its COP-14 in 2019 at Greater Noida.
CITES (1973), on trade in endangered species.
Ramsar Convention (1971), on wetlands.
The "Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework" (2022), which includes the "30x30" target of protecting 30 per cent of land and sea by 2030.
India's efforts:
- India aims to restore 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030 (Bonn Challenge commitment).
- Green India Mission (2014), Project Tiger (1973), Project Elephant (1992), and Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act (2016).
- According to the "India State of Forest Report 2023", the total forest and tree cover is about 25 per cent of India's area.
Other "environmental" SDGs:
- SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation.
- SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy.
- SDG 13: Climate Action.
- SDG 14: Life Below Water (oceans, seas and marine resources).
Why not the other options?
- ✗Life below water is SDG 14.
- ✗Clean water and sanitation is SDG 6.
- ✗Affordable and clean energy is SDG 7.
Quick tip
Remember: SDG 15 = Life on Land (forests, desertification, biodiversity); SDG 14 = Life Below Water; SDG 13 = Climate Action; SDG 6 = Clean Water; SDG 7 = Clean Energy; UNCCD COP-14 = Greater Noida 2019.
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Environmental Conventions, Laws & Organisations — Preparation
This question tests your understanding of Environmental Conventions, Laws & Organisations, a key topic in the General Knowledge section. The detailed solution above uses a step-by-step approach to show the reasoning, and where available, a shortcut that helps you solve similar questions in under 90 seconds during the actual exam.
This topic covers international environmental agreements, such as the Montreal Protocol, the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, the Ramsar Convention and the Convention on Biological Diversity, Indian environmental laws, and environmental organisations and movements such as the Chipko movement. Questions usually ask what an agreement deals with (the Montreal Protocol protects the ozone layer, and the Ramsar Convention protects wetlands), when India passed an environmental law (such as the Environment Protection Act 1986), and who led a movement (Sunderlal Bahuguna is associated with the Chipko movement). Climate summit outcomes change every year, so check current affairs. Practise the environmental conventions and laws questions below, written in the style of the general awareness sections of exams such as SSC, banking, railways, CUET GAT, MAH CET and CLAT. Each question comes with a detailed explanation that adds related facts, so every question helps you revise more than one point.