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The 'Shiksha Karmi' project and the 'Lok Jumbish' programme helped increase the literacy rate in:
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Answer: Option D — Rajasthan
Detailed Solution
The "Shiksha Karmi" project and the "Lok Jumbish" programme were two innovative primary education programmes in Rajasthan, which helped improve school enrolment and literacy, especially among girls and in remote areas.
About the Shiksha Karmi Project:
- It was launched in 1987 by the Government of Rajasthan, with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA).
- It was designed for remote villages where government school teachers were often absent.
- Local young men and women with basic education were selected and trained as "Shiksha Karmis" (education workers) to teach in village schools.
- It also ran "Prehar Pathshalas" (schools held at convenient times) for children, especially girls, who worked during the day.
- It was later extended to other states.
About Lok Jumbish:
- It was launched in 1992 by the Government of Rajasthan, with support from SIDA and later the Government of India.
- "Lok Jumbish" means "people's movement".
Its aim was "Education for All" through community participation. Villagers helped plan and manage schools in their area.
It focused on girls' education, gender equality, school mapping (identifying children out of school), better teaching methods and teacher training.
It set up "Sahaj Shiksha" centres (non-formal education centres) for children who could not attend regular schools.
Results:
- Rajasthan's literacy rate rose from about 39 per cent in 1991 to about 60 per cent in 2001, one of the fastest increases in India.
- However, Rajasthan still had the lowest female literacy rate among states in 2011 (about 52 per cent).
National education programmes:
- Operation Blackboard (1987): to provide basic facilities in primary schools.
- District Primary Education Programme (DPEP, 1994).
- Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA, 2001): universal elementary education.
- Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009.
- Samagra Shiksha (2018): combined SSA, RMSA and teacher education.
- National Literacy Mission (1988).
Why not the other options?
- ✗Bihar had the lowest overall literacy rate in 2011.
- ✗Madhya Pradesh had its own "Education Guarantee Scheme" (1997).
- ✗Uttar Pradesh is not associated with these programmes.
Quick tip
Remember: Shiksha Karmi (1987) and Lok Jumbish (1992) = Rajasthan (with Swedish SIDA support; community-based primary education); Operation Blackboard 1987; SSA 2001; Samagra Shiksha 2018.
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