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Question 83 of 136 · Indian States & Union Territories
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India has territorial disputes over the Kalapani and Susta areas with:

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Answer: Option A — Nepal

Detailed Solution

India and Nepal have long-standing boundary disputes over two main areas: Kalapani (including Lipulekh and Limpiyadhura) in the west and Susta in the south.

Kalapani-Lipulekh-Limpiyadhura dispute:

Kalapani is a region of about 370 square km at the trijunction of India, Nepal and China (Tibet), in the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand.

The dispute arises from different interpretations of the source of the Kali (Mahakali) river, which forms the boundary between India and Nepal under the Treaty of Sugauli (1816), signed between the British East India Company and Nepal.

India considers the river to begin near Kalapani, while Nepal claims that it begins farther north-west at Limpiyadhura, which would place the area within Nepal.

The Lipulekh Pass in this region is an important route for the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra and for India-China trade.

In 2020, after India opened a road to Lipulekh, Nepal issued a new political map showing Kalapani, Lipulekh and Limpiyadhura as part of Nepal, and amended its constitution to adopt it. India rejected the map as an "artificial enlargement" of territory.

Susta dispute:

  • Susta is an area of about 140 square km on the banks of the Gandak river, near the Bihar-Uttar Pradesh border.
  • The dispute arose because the Gandak river changed its course over time, shifting land from one side to the other.
  • India administers the area as part of the West Champaran district of Bihar.

India-Nepal relations:

  • India and Nepal share an open border of about 1,750 km, touching Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Sikkim.
  • Citizens can travel across without a passport or visa.
  • The India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1950) is the basis of the special relationship between the two countries.
  • The two countries agreed to resolve boundary issues through talks, and a Boundary Working Group has been set up.

Why not the other options?

  • ✗India's boundary with Bangladesh was largely settled by the Land Boundary Agreement of 2015.
  • ✗India has no comparable disputes over Kalapani and Susta with Bhutan or Myanmar.

Quick tip

Remember: Kalapani (Uttarakhand, Kali river) and Susta (Bihar, Gandak river) = India-Nepal boundary disputes; Treaty of Sugauli (1816).

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Indian States & Union Territories — Preparation

This question tests your understanding of Indian States & Union Territories, a key topic in the General Knowledge section. The detailed solution above uses a step-by-step approach to show the reasoning, and where available, a shortcut that helps you solve similar questions in under 90 seconds during the actual exam.

This topic covers state-wise GK for India: capitals, formation dates, high courts, state animals, birds and flowers, famous places, and the culture, dances and festivals that identify each state and union territory. Questions commonly ask about the newest state or union territory, the state formed on a particular date, the capitals of states, and which high court serves more than one state. Keep a single table per state with its capital, formation year and key facts. Reorganisations such as that of Jammu and Kashmir in 2019 change the answers, so make sure your notes are up to date. Practise the Indian states and union territories questions below, written in the style of the general awareness sections of exams such as SSC, banking, railways, CUET GAT, MAH CET and CLAT. Each question comes with a detailed explanation that adds related facts, so every question helps you revise more than one point.

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