During the Mughal period, valuable cash crops such as cotton and sugarcane were called:

During the Mughal period, valuable cash crops such as cotton and sugarcane were called "jins-i-kamil", which means "perfect crops".

About jins-i-kamil:

• NCERT explains that the Mughal state encouraged peasants to cultivate crops such as cotton and sugarcane, which brought in more revenue.
• These crops were called jins-i-kamil (literally, perfect crops).
• Cotton and sugarcane were jins-i-kamil par excellence.
• Oilseeds (such as mustard) and lentils were also cash crops.
• These crops were grown for sale in the market, not just for the peasant's own food.
• Their cultivation shows that agriculture was linked to markets and trade in the Mughal period.

Importance:

• The state encouraged these crops because they paid higher revenue.
• They also supplied raw materials to industries such as cotton weaving and sugar-making.
• Cotton was grown widely in central India and the Deccan; sugarcane was grown in Bengal and elsewhere.
• Bengal was famous for its sugar.

New crops in the Mughal period:

• NCERT notes that several new crops reached India from different parts of the world in the 17th century.
• Maize (makka) came to India through Africa and Spain.
• Tomatoes, potatoes and chillies came from the New World (the Americas).
• Fruits like the pineapple and papaya also came from there.
• Tobacco was introduced in the late 16th century, and spread rapidly despite Jahangir's ban on smoking.

Agriculture in Mughal India:

• India grew two main crops a year: the kharif (autumn) and the rabi (spring) crops.
• Some regions grew three crops a year.
• Irrigation was done through wells, tanks and canals.

Why not the other options?

• ✗"Jins-i-khas" is not the term for these crops.
• ✗Khalisa was land directly under the emperor's control.
• ✗Ghallabakhshi was a method of crop-sharing.