The National Flag of India was originally designed by:

Pingali Venkayya (1876-1963) was a freedom fighter, educationist and linguist from Bhatlapenumarru, near Machilipatnam, in present-day Andhra Pradesh. He served in the British Army in South Africa during the Boer War, where he met Mahatma Gandhi.

Venkayya studied the flags of many countries and published a booklet with about 30 designs for an Indian flag in 1916. At the Vijayawada (Bezwada) session of the All India Congress Committee in 1921, he presented a flag design to Gandhi. It had two colours, red and green, representing the two major communities, Hindus and Muslims. At Gandhi's suggestion, a white strip was added to represent other communities, and a spinning wheel (charkha) to represent self-reliance.

In 1931, the Congress adopted a tricolour flag of saffron, white and green, with a charkha in the centre, as its official flag. On 22 July 1947, the Constituent Assembly adopted the present National Flag. The charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra, a navy-blue wheel with 24 spokes, taken from the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath.

Features of the National Flag (Tiranga):

• Three equal horizontal bands: saffron (top) for courage and sacrifice, white (middle) for peace and truth, and green (bottom) for faith, fertility and prosperity.
• Ratio of width to length: 2:3.
• The use and display of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India, 2002, which was amended in 2021-22 to allow polyester and machine-made flags and to allow the flag to be flown day and night.
• India Post issued a stamp in Venkayya's honour in 2009.

Why not the other options?

• ✗Bhikaji Cama unfurled an early Indian flag at Stuttgart, Germany, in 1907.
• ✗Rabindranath Tagore wrote the National Anthem, "Jana Gana Mana".
• ✗Bankim Chandra Chatterjee wrote the National Song, "Vande Mataram".