In judo, the term 'Shido' refers to:

In judo, "Shido" is a minor penalty given to a player for small rule violations or for passive (non-combative) behaviour.

Examples of actions that earn a shido:

• Avoiding gripping or holding the opponent's judogi (uniform) for too long.
• Adopting an excessively defensive posture.
• Stepping out of the competition area without being forced out.
• Making a false attack (pretending to attack to avoid being penalised for passivity).
• Not attacking for a long period (passivity).

Penalty system:

• Under current International Judo Federation (IJF) rules, a player can receive up to two shidos without losing points.
• A third shido leads to "Hansoku-make" (disqualification), which means the opponent wins the contest.
• A direct Hansoku-make can also be given for a serious offence, such as dangerous actions or unsportsmanlike conduct.

Scoring terms in judo:

Ippon: a full point that ends the match immediately. It is awarded for a perfect throw, a 20-second hold-down (osaekomi), or when the opponent submits (taps out) to a choke or armlock.

Waza-ari: a half point for a throw that is not perfect or a hold-down of 10 seconds. Two waza-ari make an ippon.

Yuko: a smaller score that was abolished in 2017.

Other terms: "Hajime" (begin), "Matte" (stop), "Sono-mama" (freeze) and "Osaekomi" (hold-down called).

About judo:

Judo was founded in Japan in 1882 by Jigoro Kano, who developed it from jujutsu. The name means "the gentle way". It became an Olympic sport for men in 1964 (Tokyo) and for women in 1992.

Why not the other options?

• ✗A full point is called "Ippon".
• ✗A throw is called "nage-waza" (throwing techniques).
• ✗Disqualification is called "Hansoku-make".